Under How Many Stops, officers must record level 1 and 2 encounters for the first time, which provides a fuller picture for researchers like Stephen Koppel and Michael Rempel of John Jay College's Data Collaborative for Justice. Police also have to report the stopped individual's race, age, and gender to the best of their ability, as well as any use of force.
Level 1 stops simply request information from civilians without requiring suspicion of criminal activity in making a stop. Level 2 stops allow officers to approach individuals with accusatory questions and ask for consent to conduct a search under “founded suspicion” of criminal activity. People can walk away and ignore questioning at both levels.
Level 3 stops, better known as Terry stops or stop-and-frisks, were already documented before the legislation. They allow the NYPD to detain an individual for questioning and deploy “reasonable force” under reasonable suspicion that a crime was or will be committed.
Koppel said the researchers found that 98% of encounters were level 1 stops. Level 2 stops accounted for another 1%. In other words, the NYPD would be required to report only 1% of recorded investigative street encounters without the How Many Stops Act.
"We only had that [data] on level 3 stops, and it was totally unclear what was going on with the other types of investigative encounters," said Koppel. "Finally, when they pull[ed] back the curtain here, we saw that there were roughly 1.2 million stops, [99%] of which we had no accounting of [and] no information about."
Rempel, who directs the data institute, pointed to just 1% of level 1 stops leading to arrests and another 1% leading to summons (how much overlap between the two is unknown). However, they led to use of force 575 times, despite their more casual initial nature.
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